Classical Antiquity
Xiongnu Empire
209 BC – 93 AD · peak 175 BC
The Xiongnu were a nomadic confederation that dominated the Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD. Their frequent incursions forced the Han Dynasty to expand the Great Wall and establish the tributary heqin system. The confederation eventually fractured into northern and southern divisions due to internal power struggles and sustained military pressure from the Han.
Capital: Luut Chan
Key figures
Battles in this period
Trade routes in use
- Amber Road (1500 BC – 500 AD)
- Incense Route (1000 BC – 400 AD)
- Alexandria–Rome Grain Route (30 BC – 400 AD)
- Silk Road (130 BC – 1450 AD)