Colonial Era

Ottoman Empire (decline)

1751 AD – 1913 AD · peak 1800 AD

During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire faced territorial losses including Greek independence in 1830 and Balkan secessions following the 1878 Congress of Berlin. The state attempted modernization through the Tanzimat reforms and the later Young Turk Revolution of 1908 to stanch internal decline. Persistent administrative instability and military defeats led to its final partition and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Capital: Istanbul