Early Modern Era

Tsardom of Russia

1547 AD – 1750 AD · peak 1725 AD

The Tsardom of Russia was established in 1547 by Ivan IV, who initiated the expansion into Siberia. Under Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725), the state was reorganized into the Russian Empire with its capital at Saint Petersburg to facilitate Westernization and naval power. The Romanov dynasty governed until 1917, when domestic economic failure and the strains of World War I led to the Russian Revolution.

Capital: Moscow / Saint Petersburg