Colonial Era

Kingdom of Italy

1882 AD – 1913 AD · peak 1912 AD

Unified under the House of Savoy in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy established colonies in Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, and Libya following the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912). Despite colonial ambitions, Italian forces suffered a major defeat by the Ethiopian Empire at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. The empire expanded under Mussolini's Fascist regime before being dismantled following Italy's defeat in World War II.

Capital: Rome